Glossary

ABF: Aligned Business Framework, Ford’s strategy for working more closely with key suppliers
ACC: Adaptive Cruise Control, a technology that helps drivers maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of them
ADFSO: Aggressive Deceleration Fuel Shut-Off, a technology for improving fuel efficiency
AIAG: Automotive Industry Action Group, a U.S.-based association of automotive OEMs, suppliers and service providers
Annual Report on Form 10-K: An audited annual financial report required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission containing more detailed information about the Company’s business, finances and management than the annual report
APA: Asia Pacific and Africa, a Ford region
B car: Generic term for a small or subcompact car (e.g., the size of a Ford Fiesta)
BEV: Battery electric vehicle, a vehicle that has no internal-combustion engine and does not use any onboard gasoline; instead, it runs on a high-voltage electric motor
Biodiesel: A diesel alternative made from vegetable oils obtained from oil seeds, including soy, canola, palm and rapeseed, or from animal fat
BLIS: Blind Spot Information System, a technology that uses radar sensors to help inform the driver when a vehicle is detected in the blind spot zone
Blueprint for Sustainability: Several years ago, this term was introduced at Ford to describe the actions we are taking to achieve outstanding fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from our products. Now we use the term more broadly to describe our sustainability strategy as a whole, in recognition of the fact that our important sustainability issues are part of a complex system that interconnects our products, plants and people and the communities in which we operate.
BMS: Battery Management System, a Ford technology that improves the efficiency of a vehicle’s electrical system
BPR: Business Plan Review meetings, one of Ford’s key management processes
CAA: U.S. Clean Air Act
CAFE: Corporate Average Fuel Economy, a U.S. regulation requiring auto companies to meet certain sales-weighted average fuel economy levels for passenger cars and light trucks and report these numbers annually
CAMP: Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership, an association of original equipment manufacturers, suppliers and the U.S. government conducting pre-competitive research on active safety features
C car: Generic term for a compact car (e.g., the size of a Ford Focus)
CDP: Carbon Disclosure Project, a nonprofit organization to which Ford and other companies report their greenhouse gas emissions and water use
Ceres: A network of investors, environmentalists and other public interest groups that works with companies and investors to address sustainability challenges
CAF: Our Chinese joint venture, formerly known as Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Co. Ltd., (FMA) and recently restructured as Changan Ford Automobile Corporation, Ltd. (CAF) to increase our ownership percentage
CNG: Compressed natural gas, a type of alternative fuel
CO₂: Carbon dioxide, a primary greenhouse gas
DfS: Design for Sustainability, a tool for bridging the gap between product development and environmental and social issues
DOE: U.S. Department of Energy
E85: A fuel blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline
EcoBoost®: Ford engine technology that uses turbocharging, direct injection and reduced displacement to increase fuel economy and performance while reducing CO₂ emissions
ECOnetic: A line of European Ford model vehicles with reduced CO₂ emissions
Electrification: The process of developing the technology and infrastructure necessary to replace traditional oil-based vehicle fuels with electricity
ELV: End-of-life vehicle; an EU Directive requires manufacturers to take back ELVs and ensure environmentally sound recycling and disposal
EMOS: Ford’s Energy Management Operating System, a mechanism for integrating energy-efficient principles into the facility design, manufacturing/engineering processes, and operations of Ford Manufacturing, Office and Engineering facilities
Environmental aspects: The elements of an organization’s activities, products and services that can interact with the environment
EOS: Ford’s Environmental Operating System, which is integrated with ISO 14001 and used for driving environmental compliance
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency, a U.S. government agency
EPAS: Electric power assisted steering, a technology that boosts fuel economy and decreases CO₂ emissions
ERGs: Ford’s Employee Resource Groups, affinity networks at the Company that are intended to foster diversity and inclusion
ESI: Employee Satisfaction Index, eight questions on Ford’s annual Pulse survey of employees
Ethanol: A gasoline alternative, typically derived from plant material (e.g., corn, sugar cane, sugar beets); can also be made from petroleum. Plant-derived ethanol is also sometimes called bio-ethanol.
EU: European Union
Euro 4, Euro 5, Euro 6: Europe’s tailpipe emissions standards; Euro 5 standards have been completely phased in for light-duty vehicles in Europe as of January 1, 2012. Euro 6 standards have been developed and will be applied beginning in September 2014.
EV: Electrified vehicle, a generic term for any vehicle that is powered – at least in part – by an electric motor
EVP: Employment Value Proposition, defined as why people choose a given employer and then stay with that employer.
FCV: Fuel cell vehicle, a vehicle that uses an onboard fuel cell to create electrical power through a chemical reaction based on hydrogen fuel
Ford DSFL: Ford Driving Skills for Life, our driver education program
FFV: Flexible fuel vehicle, a vehicle that can be run on any blend of unleaded gasoline with up to 85 percent ethanol
Flexible manufacturing: The use of common platforms and shared manufacturing technologies that allow a single plant to make multiple models and switch relatively rapidly between them, allowing faster response to changing customer demand
FoE: Ford of Europe, a Ford region
FPS: Ford Production System, a continuously improving, lean, flexible and disciplined common global production system
FSAO: Ford South America Operations – a Ford region
Fuel cell: A type of power plant that generates electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen, and can be used in different sizes and configurations to power vehicles or buildings
Fuel economy: The distance that can be traveled on a single gallon of fuel
Fuel efficiency: The amount of fuel (in ton-miles-per-gallon) needed to move a vehicle of a certain weight a certain distance
GEM: Ford’s Global Emissions Manager database, used for measuring, monitoring and recording environmental data
GHG: Greenhouse gas, for example carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) or water vapor
GMAP: Ford’s Global Material Approval Process, a materials management process
Go Further: Ford’s new global brand promise to express what we stand for as a Company
GPDS: Global Product Development System, Ford’s system for integrating product development with manufacturing
GQRS: Global Quality Research System, which tracks “Things Gone Wrong” and is Ford’s primary quality survey
GRI: Global Reporting Initiative, a multistakeholder process and independent institution whose mission is to develop and disseminate globally applicable sustainability reporting guidelines
GTDI: Gasoline turbocharged direct injection
HEV: Hybrid electric vehicle; a full hybrid can run exclusively on battery power, exclusively on gas power or on a combination of both
IIHS: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, a U.S.-based nonprofit organization
IMDS: International Material Data System, a materials reporting system used by multiple automakers
ISO 14001: The leading global environmental management system standard, developed by the International Organization for Standardization
JDRF: The leading global organization focused on type 1 diabetes research
JMC: Jiangling Motors Corporation, Ltd., one of Ford’s joint ventures in China
LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, the “green building” rating system of the U.S. Green Building Council
LEV: Low Emission Vehicle, a level of standards for tailpipe emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen) enforced in California and states that have adopted California standards
LEV program: The unique vehicle emissions program adopted by California for the control of tailpipe and evaporative emissions that provides several sets of emissions standards
Lifecycle assessment: Process of assessing the environmental, social and economic impacts of a product system over its entire lifecycle, from cradle to grave, including material production, product manufacture, product use, product maintenance and disposal at end of life
LPG: Liquefied petroleum gas (also known as propane or Autogas), a type of alternative fuel
MAP: Michigan Assembly Plant, a Ford facility has been transformed from a large SUV factory into a modern, flexible small-car plant
Materiality: Materiality as used in this sustainability report does not share the meaning assigned to this concept for purposes of financial reporting. For the purposes of this report, we consider material information to be that which is of greatest interest to, and which has the potential to affect the perception of, those stakeholders who wish to make informed decisions and judgments about the Company’s commitment to environmental, social and economic progress.
MPGe: A mile-per-gallon equivalency metric for electrified vehicles
MQL: Ford’s Minimum Quantity Lubricant machining process
MY: Model Year, the manufacturer’s annual production period which includes January 1 of the calendar year. For example, production of 2013 model year vehicles might begin in June 2012 and end in May 2013, but could start as early as January 2, 2012, and end as late as December 2013. We report fuel economy by model year because that is how it is reported to government agencies, and therefore, this data corresponds to what is available in the public domain.
NADA: National Automobile Dealers Association, an industry association of car and truck dealers
NCAP: New Car Assessment Program, a term commonly used to denote an official, independent vehicle testing and/or rating system. Separate NCAPs now exist in the United States, Europe, Australia, China, and Central and South America.
NEDC: New European Driving Cycle, the testing procedures used to determine compliance with government fuel economy and emissions requirements.
NGO: Nongovernmental organization
NHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a U.S. government agency
NMOG: Non-methane organic gases
NOV: Notice of violation (e.g., from a regulatory agency)
NPRI: National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada), similar to U.S. TRI
OEM: Original equipment manufacturer
OHS policy: Ford’s Occupational Health and Safety policy
ONE Ford: Ford’s accelerated restructuring plan; One Team unified in pursing One Plan to deliver One Goal: An exciting, viable Ford
OSRP: Occupant Safety Research Partnership, a group within the U.S. Council for Automotive Research that researches and develops advanced crash test dummies and other pre-competitive safety systems
PAS: Ford’s Partnership for Advanced Studies, our flagship education program
PDGs: Public Domain Guidelines, internal Ford guidelines that focus on ensuring that our vehicles earn top marks in public domain assessments
PEC: Paint Emissions Concentrator, formerly called “fumes-to-fuel”, a technology that concentrates VOC emissions from the painting process by approximately 1,500:1, allowing VOCs to be burned as a fuel source.
PHEV: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, a vehicle similar to an HEV in that it is equipped with both an electric battery and a gas-powered engine; however, PHEVs are equipped with a high-capacity battery that can be charged from an ordinary household outlet
PowerShift: Ford’s fuel-efficiency-boosting, six-speed, dual-clutch transmission system
PPA: Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Mineral Trade, a joint initiative among governments, companies and civil society to support supply chain solutions to conflict minerals challenges
PSI: Product Sustainability Index, a tool used by Ford of Europe to incorporate lifecycle analysis into product development
Pulse survey: Ford’s annual, voluntary survey of salaried-employee satisfaction
PZEV: Partial Zero Emission Vehicle, a vehicle standard that is part of the LEV II Program
QOS: Ford’s global Quality Operating System, used in our manufacturing to develop, measure and continuously improve robust processes
REACH: Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances (EU legislation)
REEs: Rare Earth Elements, a suite of mined materials widely used in consumer and automotive electronics
RFS: Renewable Fuel Standard, a provision within the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 requiring a significant increase in the use of biofuels
SDGs: Safety Design Guidelines, Ford’s stringent internal engineering design targets
Six-speed transmission: A transmission using six gears, for improved fuel economy compared to typical four-speed transmissions
SQDCPME Scorecard: A scorecard that helps us keep focused on the vital components of a sustainable business: Safety, Quality, Delivery, Cost, People, Maintenance and Environment
Stakeholder: Anyone who is impacted or believes they are impacted by the operations or practices of the Company, including customers, employees, business partners, shareholders, governments, communities and nongovernmental organizations. Some also consider the environment a stakeholder.
Sustainability: A business model that creates value consistent with the long-term preservation and enhancement of environmental, social and financial capital. Also, meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future.
Sustainable Technologies and Alternative Fuels Plan: Ford’s product strategy, outlining the near-, mid- and long-term steps we are taking to develop and deploy vehicle and fuel technologies to implement our blueprint for sustainability
SUMURR: Sustainable Urban Mobility with Uncompromised Rural Reach, a pilot program successfully launched in India that is finding ways to use Ford vehicles and connected technologies to address critical social needs, such as health care
SUV: Sport utility vehicle
SULEV: Super Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle, a level of standards for tailpipe emissions enforced in California and states that have adopted California standards
Tank-to-wheels CO₂ emissions: A subset of well-to-wheels CO₂ emissions; includes the CO₂ generated by burning the fuel in the vehicle
TCR: The Climate Registry, a voluntary carbon-emissions reporting project
TGW: “Things Gone Wrong,” a metric measured by the Global Quality Research System (GQRS)
Tier 1 Suppliers: Suppliers sourcing directly to our assembly plants
Tier 2 Suppliers: Suppliers not sourcing directly to our assembly plants
Tier 2 and Tier 3 Emissions Standards: The U.S. federal program, starting with the 2004 model year, to control vehicle emissions standards. Tier 3 emissions standards, which are more stringent than Tier 2 standards, were proposed in 2013.
TRI: Toxics Release Inventory, an inventory of releases and transfers of certain chemicals that are required to be reported to the U.S. government
TÜV Rheinland: A German-based product-testing company
UAW: The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America
UNGC: United Nations Global Compact, a global policy initiative through which businesses agree to align their operations with 10 principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption
URP: University Research Program, a Ford program for collaborating with researchers at more than 100 universities worldwide
V2I: Vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, technologies that enable vehicles to “talk” to roadway infrastructure (such as traffic lights) via advanced Wi-Fi signals or dedicated short-range communications
V2V: Vehicle-to-vehicle communications, technologies that enable vehicles to “talk” to each other via advanced Wi-Fi signals or dedicated short-range communications
VIAQ specifications: Ford’s Vehicle Interior Air Quality specifications, which require the consideration of the air-quality and allergen impacts of the materials and components in our vehicles
VOCs: Volatile organic compounds, compounds that vaporize (become a gas) at relatively low temperature
WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Well-to-tank CO₂ emissions: A subset of well-to-wheels CO₂ emissions; measures the CO₂ generated by excavating the feedstocks and producing and distributing the fuel or electricity
Well-to-wheels CO₂ emissions: Accounts for emissions from the vehicle itself, as well as CO₂ emissions resulting from the production and distribution of fuel
WET: Water Estimation Tool, a Ford software program that helps facilities to predict their water usage
WHO: World Health Organization, the international organization providing leadership on global health matters
WRI: World Resources Institute, a U.S.-based nonprofit organization
ZEV: Zero Emission Vehicle, the lowest level of standards for vehicle emissions enforced in California and states that have adopted California standards